8 Software Engineer Principles

AJ Develos
.
August 21, 2023
Code

Some of the most noted software engineers and authors in our industry have introduced software engineering principles that cover approaches, styles, philosophies, and best practices.

I'm going to cover 8 software engineering principles that will help you to develop quality software in this post.

software-eng

KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)

In my opinion, KISS is the most important principle in software engineering. “Keep It Simple, Stupid” is the acronym for this principle.

Simplicity is key when it comes to software systems.

Your system will be more robust, easier to understand, and easier to extend if you avoid unnecessary complexity.

Obviously, engineers tend to make things more complex than they need to be.

The features of our fancy language are hidden from everyone, but we feel proud of them.

Every time we do something simple, we create countless dependencies in our project, leading to dependency hell. For every simple task, we create endless microservices.

It's important to keep in mind that adding more dependencies to your project, using that fancy new framework, or implementing a new micro-service will add complexity.

Think carefully about whether the added complexity is worth the time and effort.

DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)

As a software principle, DRY aims to reduce redundant code and effort.

In other words, do not write the same code/configuration multiple times.

By doing so, you'll have to keep the code in sync. Any changes at one place will require changes elsewhere as well.

Code that follows the DRY principle is more maintainable, more extensible, and less prone to bugs. The DRY principle can be applied to some of the concepts in software engineering -

  • Database Normalization
    This technique is used to eliminate redundant (repeated) data in databases.

  • Inheritance and Composition
    Inheritance and composition allow you to write code in one place and reuse it elsewhere.

YAGNI (You Aren’t Gonna Need It)

The YAGNI principle aims to avoid complexity as well, especially the type that arises from adding functionality you expect you may need in the future.

There is a principle that says you should not introduce things to deal with problems you don't have now.

Whenever possible, implement things when you actually need them.

This keeps your software simple and lean and saves you time and effort.

A future requirement for this functionality may arise as well. In spite of this, you may not always require it because the software world is constantly changing.

SOLID Principles

There are five SOLID principles in software engineering. The acronym is made up of letters that correspond to other acronyms:

1. SRP (Single Responsibility Principle)

In other words, classes, modules, and services should each have a single clear-cut responsibility. In other words, they should each have a single reason to change.

If you design your functions and classes in such a way that they each perform a single function, your code is easier to understand, maintain, and modify.

The first place you need to change the code when you want to change functionality is at that single DRY place where that functionality is defined.

Here are some real-world examples to help us understand the Single Responsibility Principle:

  • In an organization, project managers, engineers, human resources, salespeople, and everyone else has clearly defined roles. Project managers collect the requirements and monitor the progress of the project. Software engineers write code. Marketing and selling the product are the responsibilities of the Sales department.

  • The kitchen in a house is where you cook, and the bedroom is where you sleep. Each has a clear definition of their responsibilities. It's not a good idea to sleep in the kitchen or cook in the bedroom. We go to the kitchen to eat, and to the bedroom to sleep. It makes life so convenient.

If you use the SRP principle, the code will be better organized.

It will be easier to read and understand. It will also help with reusability.

If you use short and focused classes and functions, they will be easy to reuse.

Nevertheless, if a function implements too many functions, you won't be able to use it even if you only need a fraction of the capability it provides.



2. OCP (Open/Closed Principle)

The development of software occurs in phases. We implement some functionalities, test them, then release them, and then work on the next set of functionalities.

In constructing new functionalities, we strive to build them on top of the existing functionalities that work and have been tested.

This way, we don't have to change an existing functionality that works and has been tested.

Basically, the Open/Closed principle advises us to build our classes/functions/modules in a way that they are open for extensions but closed for modifications.

  • Closed for Modification

Our goal should be to avoid making changes that break existing functionality because doing so would require us to refactor existing code and write a bunch of tests to verify the changes work.

  • Open for Extension

New features should be able to be added to classes/modules without breaking existing code. Composition and inheritance can be used to achieve this.

3. LSP (Liskov Substitution Principle)

In other words, the objects of your subclass should behave in the same way as the objects of your superclass.

As a result, objects of your subclass should behave similarly to those of your superclass..

Here's an example to help you understand. Imagine you have a class called Bird with a subclass called Penguin.

softengrprinciples_img1

As per the Liskov Substitution Principle, when a piece of code uses a Bird object, it can be replaced by a Penguin object without the code changing.

The Liskov Substitution Principle is violated in the above example.

It's not possible to replace an object of the Bird class with one of the Penguin class.

This will cause the program to throw an exception.

As a fix, you might create another abstraction that resembles the ability of a Bird to fly -

softengrprinciples_img2

4. ISP (Interface Segregation Principle)

According to the Interface Segregation Principle, a client should never be forced to rely on methods it doesn't use.

How do you accomplish this?

You keep your interfaces simple and focused.

In general, large interfaces should be divided into more specific ones that are focused on a specific set of features, so that clients can choose which features they want.

5. DIP (Dependency Inversion Principle)

As a result of the Dependency Inversion Principle, tight couplings between software modules are avoided.

A high-level module should not be dependent on low-level modules, but only on abstractions.

As a result, it suggests that interfaces rather than concrete implementations should be used whenever possible.

Modules can be decoupled from details of their dependencies' implementations.

Consequently, it is only aware of the behaviors on which it depends, but not how they are implemented.

You can change the implementation at any time without having any impact on the module itself.

Author
AJ Develos
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Fullstack Developer

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Fullstack .NET Developer

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Lead/Senior Frontend Developer (UI/UX) - Brazil

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Senior Full-Stack PHP Developer

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8 Software Engineer Principles

February 16, 2024

Some of the most noted software engineers and authors in our industry have introduced software engineering principles that cover approaches, styles, philosophies, and best practices.

I'm going to cover 8 software engineering principles that will help you to develop quality software in this post.

software-eng

KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)

In my opinion, KISS is the most important principle in software engineering. “Keep It Simple, Stupid” is the acronym for this principle.

Simplicity is key when it comes to software systems.

Your system will be more robust, easier to understand, and easier to extend if you avoid unnecessary complexity.

Obviously, engineers tend to make things more complex than they need to be.

The features of our fancy language are hidden from everyone, but we feel proud of them.

Every time we do something simple, we create countless dependencies in our project, leading to dependency hell. For every simple task, we create endless microservices.

It's important to keep in mind that adding more dependencies to your project, using that fancy new framework, or implementing a new micro-service will add complexity.

Think carefully about whether the added complexity is worth the time and effort.

DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)

As a software principle, DRY aims to reduce redundant code and effort.

In other words, do not write the same code/configuration multiple times.

By doing so, you'll have to keep the code in sync. Any changes at one place will require changes elsewhere as well.

Code that follows the DRY principle is more maintainable, more extensible, and less prone to bugs. The DRY principle can be applied to some of the concepts in software engineering -

  • Database Normalization
    This technique is used to eliminate redundant (repeated) data in databases.

  • Inheritance and Composition
    Inheritance and composition allow you to write code in one place and reuse it elsewhere.

YAGNI (You Aren’t Gonna Need It)

The YAGNI principle aims to avoid complexity as well, especially the type that arises from adding functionality you expect you may need in the future.

There is a principle that says you should not introduce things to deal with problems you don't have now.

Whenever possible, implement things when you actually need them.

This keeps your software simple and lean and saves you time and effort.

A future requirement for this functionality may arise as well. In spite of this, you may not always require it because the software world is constantly changing.

SOLID Principles

There are five SOLID principles in software engineering. The acronym is made up of letters that correspond to other acronyms:

1. SRP (Single Responsibility Principle)

In other words, classes, modules, and services should each have a single clear-cut responsibility. In other words, they should each have a single reason to change.

If you design your functions and classes in such a way that they each perform a single function, your code is easier to understand, maintain, and modify.

The first place you need to change the code when you want to change functionality is at that single DRY place where that functionality is defined.

Here are some real-world examples to help us understand the Single Responsibility Principle:

  • In an organization, project managers, engineers, human resources, salespeople, and everyone else has clearly defined roles. Project managers collect the requirements and monitor the progress of the project. Software engineers write code. Marketing and selling the product are the responsibilities of the Sales department.

  • The kitchen in a house is where you cook, and the bedroom is where you sleep. Each has a clear definition of their responsibilities. It's not a good idea to sleep in the kitchen or cook in the bedroom. We go to the kitchen to eat, and to the bedroom to sleep. It makes life so convenient.

If you use the SRP principle, the code will be better organized.

It will be easier to read and understand. It will also help with reusability.

If you use short and focused classes and functions, they will be easy to reuse.

Nevertheless, if a function implements too many functions, you won't be able to use it even if you only need a fraction of the capability it provides.



2. OCP (Open/Closed Principle)

The development of software occurs in phases. We implement some functionalities, test them, then release them, and then work on the next set of functionalities.

In constructing new functionalities, we strive to build them on top of the existing functionalities that work and have been tested.

This way, we don't have to change an existing functionality that works and has been tested.

Basically, the Open/Closed principle advises us to build our classes/functions/modules in a way that they are open for extensions but closed for modifications.

  • Closed for Modification

Our goal should be to avoid making changes that break existing functionality because doing so would require us to refactor existing code and write a bunch of tests to verify the changes work.

  • Open for Extension

New features should be able to be added to classes/modules without breaking existing code. Composition and inheritance can be used to achieve this.

3. LSP (Liskov Substitution Principle)

In other words, the objects of your subclass should behave in the same way as the objects of your superclass.

As a result, objects of your subclass should behave similarly to those of your superclass..

Here's an example to help you understand. Imagine you have a class called Bird with a subclass called Penguin.

softengrprinciples_img1

As per the Liskov Substitution Principle, when a piece of code uses a Bird object, it can be replaced by a Penguin object without the code changing.

The Liskov Substitution Principle is violated in the above example.

It's not possible to replace an object of the Bird class with one of the Penguin class.

This will cause the program to throw an exception.

As a fix, you might create another abstraction that resembles the ability of a Bird to fly -

softengrprinciples_img2

4. ISP (Interface Segregation Principle)

According to the Interface Segregation Principle, a client should never be forced to rely on methods it doesn't use.

How do you accomplish this?

You keep your interfaces simple and focused.

In general, large interfaces should be divided into more specific ones that are focused on a specific set of features, so that clients can choose which features they want.

5. DIP (Dependency Inversion Principle)

As a result of the Dependency Inversion Principle, tight couplings between software modules are avoided.

A high-level module should not be dependent on low-level modules, but only on abstractions.

As a result, it suggests that interfaces rather than concrete implementations should be used whenever possible.

Modules can be decoupled from details of their dependencies' implementations.

Consequently, it is only aware of the behaviors on which it depends, but not how they are implemented.

You can change the implementation at any time without having any impact on the module itself.

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